How Is the Big Five Different From HEXACO?

The short answer: how is the Big Five different from HEXACO?

The Big Five and HEXACO overlap, but they are not the same map. HEXACO names six dimensions, adding Honesty-Humility to Extraversion, Conscientiousness, Openness, Agreeableness, and Emotionality. The review “Empirical, theoretical, and practical advantages of the HEXACO model of personality structure” calls it a viable alternative to the five-factor model, not a settled replacement. Honesty-Humility groups tendencies around sincerity, fairness, modesty, and material advantage. Extraversion, Conscientiousness, and Openness are similar across frameworks. But matching names can hide different content: Agreeableness and Neuroticism or Emotionality do not line up neatly. “Using the Big Five Aspect Scales to translate between the HEXACO and Big Five personality models” analyzed four samples from three countries, totaling 1,586 people. Each HEXACO domain correlated above .51 in magnitude with at least one Big Five aspect, yet some aspects matched HEXACO facets more closely than domains. The authors caution against assuming equivalence from labels. The useful question is not which framework wins by having five or six dimensions. Ask which repeated behavior you are trying to understand, then inspect facets and items in the inventory. Either model offers vocabulary for tendencies; neither explains one action or defines a person’s character.

Sources: Empirical, theoretical, and practical advantages of the HEXACO model of personality structure; Using the Big Five Aspect Scales to translate between the HEXACO and Big Five personality models

What exactly are you comparing: a model or an inventory?

A model is an organizing map: it groups recurring personality differences into broad dimensions and, sometimes, narrower components. An inventory is a particular questionnaire built to estimate those tendencies. A domain is one broad dimension on the map; a facet is a narrower component within it. A tendency means a pattern that may recur, not a promise about what someone will do in any one situation. These terms matter because “Big Five” and “HEXACO” name frameworks, not single, identical sets of questions. The official HEXACO-PI-R scale descriptions show what this distinction looks like in practice. Its Honesty-Humility domain is divided into Sincerity, Fairness, Greed Avoidance, and Modesty. The facets distinguish manipulation, taking advantage, and interest in wealth or status. The same documentation describes HEXACO Agreeableness through Forgivingness, Gentleness, Flexibility, and Patience. It does not guarantee every brief online quiz includes the same items or facets. Big Five inventories also differ in how finely they represent a domain. The Big Five Aspect Scales, for example, divide each broad trait into two aspects; their Agreeableness aspects are Compassion and Politeness. Other Big Five questionnaires may use different facets or fewer items. In the study “Using the Big Five Aspect Scales to Translate Between the HEXACO and Big Five Personality Models,” researchers compared named BFAS and HEXACO measures across four samples from three countries, totaling 1,586 people. They found that many scales corresponded, but representation was uneven: half of the Big Five aspects related more strongly to particular HEXACO facets than to HEXACO domains. The authors therefore cautioned researchers to check whether a trait of interest is represented well in the measure used. The finding may not apply to every inventory. Two descriptions can differ without showing that a person changed. One inventory may ask about fairness in detail; another may mainly capture broad agreeableness. A short form can give an overview with less detail. The meta-analysis “The Discriminant Validity of Honesty-Humility” likewise found that overlap between Honesty-Humility and Big Five Agreeableness varied across operationalizations. Thus, the extra domain is neither wholly unrelated nor interchangeable with Big Five measures. To compare frameworks, identify the inventory and its facets, then ask whether its questions cover the behavior at issue. Compare similar content and context. This makes the question more precise: what does each instrument represent? Two inventories may use the same domain name yet sample different aspects of it, while differently named facets may cover overlapping behavior. The Big Five–HEXACO comparison study explicitly avoids calling associations equivalence: observed links show correspondence between the scales studied, not that scores or interpretations can be substituted. Read item descriptions before treating familiar labels as equivalent.

Sources: HEXACO-PI-R Scale Descriptions; Using the Big Five Aspect Scales to translate between the HEXACO and Big Five personality models; The discriminant validity of honesty-humility: A meta-analysis of the HEXACO, Big Five, and Dark Triad

Why do researchers describe HEXACO as a different map?

HEXACO is described as a different map because its six dimensions did not begin as a fifth Big Five trait with a new label attached. Its case draws on a tradition that starts with words people use to describe personality, then asks how those descriptions cluster. Across lexical studies summarized in the research record, six recurring dimensions corresponded to Honesty-Humility, Emotionality, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Openness. This supports HEXACO as a serious alternative structure, but does not establish that every person or culture must fit one final six-part taxonomy. The lexical approach begins with ordinary descriptive language. Researchers gather terms used to characterize people, then ask people or observers to rate how well those terms apply. They examine which ratings tend to vary together. A factor is a statistical pattern of related ratings: it summarizes recurring covariation in the material analyzed. It organizes descriptions; it is not a hidden mechanism that directly causes someone to act. This matters because a six-factor map is not automatically better than a five-factor map simply because it names one more cluster. The question is whether the added distinction captures a recurring pattern that helps describe personality, and whether evidence supports treating it as separate rather than as content distributed across existing dimensions. HEXACO researchers argue that Honesty-Humility makes such a distinction visible. The 2007 review “Empirical, theoretical, and practical advantages of the HEXACO model of personality structure” presents HEXACO as a viable alternative to the Big Five or five-factor model. Its abstract says the framework is consistent with cross-culturally replicated findings of a common six-dimensional structure and argues that it can accommodate some phenomena or variables less readily handled within five-factor frameworks. This is the review authors’ case, not a neutral verdict that HEXACO replaces every five-factor account. A 2008 comparative study, “The HEXACO personality factors in the indigenous personality lexicons of English and 11 other languages,” offers a specific cross-language test. In its first study, 449 English adjectives selected by frequency of use produced six rotated factors in self-ratings. In a second study, lay judges compared HEXACO descriptions with adjective lists representing indigenous lexical factors from 12 languages. The similarity ratings led the authors to conclude that HEXACO’s six dimensions were recovered across the lexicons. That result is meaningful, but its scope matters. The second study relied on judges’ ratings of conceptual similarity between factor descriptions and adjective lists; it did not show that every language’s speakers understand each item identically or that the same six scores describe every individual. Lexical research shows recurring ways to organize personality language in the material examined. It does not prove a culture-free, exhaustive taxonomy or a causal account of behavior. For readers comparing the models, the practical point is modest: the sixth dimension has a research rationale beyond branding, while its presence remains a choice about how to organize observed descriptions. HEXACO gives Honesty-Humility a distinct place; the Big Five remains an alternative structure. Cross-language recovery strengthens the case that HEXACO is worth comparing, not that its labels settle what one person meant, felt, or will do. Treat the model as a lens for asking a more precise question, then look to the behavior and measure in view.

Sources: Empirical, theoretical, and practical advantages of the HEXACO model of personality structure; The HEXACO personality factors in the indigenous personality lexicons of English and 11 other languages

What does HEXACO mean by Honesty-Humility?

In the HEXACO Personality Inventory-Revised (HEXACO-PI-R), Honesty-Humility groups four related tendencies: sincerity, fairness, greed avoidance, and modesty. The official scale descriptions connect them to how a person handles self-interest, rules, material rewards, and social status. The domain gives a vocabulary for recurring differences in those situations. It does not directly measure goodness, guarantee honesty in every act, or diagnose someone's moral character.

The four facets ask distinct questions. Sincerity concerns whether someone is genuine in relationships or uses flattery and performed liking to obtain favors. Fairness concerns willingness to avoid fraud, corruption, cheating, or taking advantage of other people or society. Greed Avoidance concerns how much lavish wealth, luxury, and visible status appeal to someone. Modesty concerns whether a person sees themselves as ordinary or entitled to privileges unavailable to others. These are the definitions in the HEXACO-PI-R scale descriptions; they describe tendencies, not a checklist that every person must satisfy in every setting.

The facets can guide observation. When someone could benefit from concealing a mistake, do they disclose it, and does that pattern recur as the stakes change? When a rule is unlikely to be enforced, do they still treat it as binding? When recognition or a privilege is available, do they seek it, share credit, or assume it should go to them? Such questions connect behavior to the instrument’s content. One answer cannot settle the interpretation: incentives, power, uncertainty, and the consequences of speaking up also shape what happens.

Similar actions can have different explanations. Declining an expensive status symbol may reflect low interest in display, limited resources, taste, or a wish not to attract attention. The action alone does not establish Greed Avoidance. Accepting praise is not by itself evidence of entitlement, and tactful speech is not necessarily insincere. For sincerity, ask whether warmth or agreement is repeatedly used to gain favors; for modesty, look for a broader pattern of claims to special treatment. The behavior and the self-interest involved both matter.

The review “Empirical, Theoretical, and Practical Advantages of the HEXACO Model of Personality Structure” presents HEXACO as a six-dimensional alternative to five-factor frameworks, with Honesty-Humility as one domain. This supports treating it as part of a research model, not a moral ranking. The meta-analysis “The Discriminant Validity of Honesty-Humility,” combining almost 400 studies, found relationships between Honesty-Humility and other dimensions varied by measure and facet. That complicates the claim that it is wholly separate from Big Five content; inventories do not all capture these tendencies in the same way.

A useful reading is specific and modest: Honesty-Humility directs attention to repeated choices involving candor, fair dealing, advantage, display, and entitlement. It cannot tell you why someone made one choice, whether their reputation is deserved, or whether they are a good person. Compare observations across occasions where incentives differ, and keep alternatives in view. If the same pattern appears in varied situations, the framework may help name a tendency; it remains a revisable interpretation, not a verdict.

Sources: HEXACO-PI-R Scale Descriptions; Empirical, theoretical, and practical advantages of the HEXACO model of personality structure; The discriminant validity of honesty-humility: A meta-analysis of the HEXACO, Big Five, and Dark Triad

Does Honesty-Humility simply split off from Big Five Agreeableness?

Not cleanly. HEXACO Honesty-Humility is generally distinguishable from Big Five Agreeableness, but their overlap depends on how each inventory defines and measures its domains. “HEXACO adds what the Big Five lacks” is useful shorthand for a difference in emphasis, not a claim that every Big Five questionnaire leaves honesty-related content out. When profiles seem to disagree about fairness, modesty, or agreeableness, compare the facets and questions each instrument includes. A 2020 meta-analysis, “The discriminant validity of honesty-humility: A meta-analysis of the HEXACO, Big Five, and Dark Triad,” synthesized 394 studies in its quantitative analyses. It found modest shared variance between Honesty-Humility and other HEXACO and Big Five dimensions, with relationships varying by measure and facet. In structural models, the Big Five dimensions together explained 18 percent of Honesty-Humility variance. This supports treating the construct as distinguishable in aggregate; it does not mean the frameworks measure wholly separate behavior or settle what one person’s responses mean. The comparison with Agreeableness is sensitive to facet coverage. Some Big Five inventories include straightforwardness and modesty, content close to sincerity and modesty in Honesty-Humility. The meta-analysis found stronger overlap for certain broader measures: the NEO PI-R’s estimated correlation with Honesty-Humility was .537, compared with .443 for the shorter NEO-FFI. The authors note that the longer version represents Agreeableness facets more fully, while the short form has fewer items and no modesty items. These are instrument-level estimates from the reviewed studies, not universal conversion values for all questionnaires. A separate study, “Using the Big Five Aspect Scales to translate between the HEXACO and Big Five personality models,” reaches a related point. Big Five Agreeableness associated with HEXACO Honesty-Humility, but interpersonal content did not divide neatly into matching labels: related material appeared across multiple HEXACO domains and facets. A domain name alone is therefore a poor translation key. Agreeableness can refer to different mixes of compassion, politeness, modesty, directness, patience, or anger-related content, depending on the framework and measure. When comparing two profiles, ask what each result represents. Does the Big Five inventory describe compassion, or also frankness, modesty, and taking advantage? Does the HEXACO measure distinguish sincerity, fairness, greed avoidance, and modesty, or is it a brief version with less facet detail? If one emphasizes warmth and another fairness, they may describe different components rather than contradict one another. Check the facet descriptions, then look for recurring behavior across situations. Giving accurate credit when self-interest is involved differs from staying patient during disagreement. Neither observation alone establishes character. The practical conclusion is that Honesty-Humility is not simply Agreeableness under another name, yet their boundary partly depends on what the inventory asks. That distinction matters when interpreting conflicting descriptions, because different questionnaires can emphasize different parts of the same recurring interpersonal pattern.

Sources: The discriminant validity of honesty-humility: A meta-analysis of the HEXACO, Big Five, and Dark Triad; Using the Big Five Aspect Scales to translate between the HEXACO and Big Five personality models

Where do the five familiar domains line up—and where do names mislead?

Three familiar domains travel relatively well between the Big Five and HEXACO: Extraversion, Conscientiousness, and Openness to Experience. In their analysis of four samples from three countries (1,586 people), the study “Using the Big Five Aspect Scales to Translate Between the HEXACO and Big Five Personality Models” found substantial correspondence across many domains, aspects, and facets, while also reporting important exceptions. The authors specifically caution against assuming that matching names establish equivalence. Their result describes correlations among these measures, not proof that constructs are interchangeable or that the same pattern applies to every population. The larger shift is in the neighborhoods around Agreeableness and Neuroticism, called Emotionality in HEXACO. A useful plain-language description is that the models regroup some content: anger, fearfulness, and sympathy do not sit in exactly the same places. This is sometimes described as a rotation. It does not mean that a person’s underlying tendencies have literally moved; it means the frameworks draw different boundaries around related patterns. The HEXACO-PI-R’s official “Scale Descriptions” define Emotionality through fearfulness, anxiety, dependence on emotional support, and sentimentality. Its Agreeableness (versus Anger) covers forgiveness, gentleness, flexibility, patience, and temper control. The cross-model study clarifies why this matters. In the Big Five Aspect Scales, Agreeableness is divided into Compassion and Politeness, while Neuroticism is divided into Volatility and Withdrawal. HEXACO Emotionality resembles parts of Neuroticism but also includes empathic content; anger-related content is associated with HEXACO Agreeableness. Sympathy does not transfer as one intact block either: the paper describes it as partly represented in Emotionality and partly in HEXACO’s separate Altruism facet. So someone’s compassion, patience, and anger may be distributed across different labels depending on the map. The official HEXACO descriptions are helpful for understanding that instrument’s terms, while the research comparison shows why translating them into Big Five labels requires care. Neither source establishes a one-to-one conversion for every inventory or individual. In practice, if a description calls someone “agreeable,” ask what was actually observed: readiness to forgive, reluctance to criticize, concern for another person, or restraint when angry? If the question is about fear or worry, inspect whether the measure places those under Neuroticism or Emotionality; if it concerns compassion, check the facets rather than inferring from a domain name. This is not a way to diagnose someone from a single exchange. It is a way to avoid mistaking different groupings for contradictory accounts. A broad match across Extraversion, Conscientiousness, and Openness can orient comparison; careful interpretation of Agreeableness and emotional tendencies depends more on the instrument’s facet definitions and the behavior at issue. That distinction matters most when the question concerns a specific interaction.

Sources: HEXACO-PI-R Scale Descriptions; Using the Big Five Aspect Scales to translate between the HEXACO and Big Five personality models

Does either model explain behavior better in every case?

No. Comparative evidence depends on the outcome and on how each framework is measured. HEXACO can contribute information for some criteria, while Big Five measures can explain as much or more for others. The number of domains does not decide which map is useful.

A useful test comes from “Who is healthier? A meta-analysis of the relations between the HEXACO personality domains and health outcomes.” The review combined 276 studies with 92,319 participants, examining HEXACO domains and health outcomes. It tested whether Honesty-Humility added information beyond Big Five domains. Here, incremental variance means additional variation associated with one domain after accounting for the others. The result differed by outcome: Honesty-Humility added information for several health-behavior outcomes, but contributed little additional information for many mental and physical health outcomes. Each framework sometimes showed stronger criterion-related validity, a closer statistical relationship with the measured outcome. The authors concluded that relative usefulness could depend on the outcome, rather than one model winning across the board.

That matters because “health” is not one result. The review separated mental health, health behaviors, and physical health, and found differing relationships with personality domains. HEXACO domains were generally more strongly related to mental-health outcomes than to health behaviors, while associations with physical-health outcomes were weak and mostly not statistically significant. Honesty-Humility’s added contribution was more apparent for some behaviors than for many mental or physical health criteria. A broad average can conceal distinctions relevant to a particular question.

The findings also limit what “better” means. The meta-analysis concerns associations across studies, not causes or forecasts for a particular reader. Such relationships do not establish causation; circumstances and measurement choices can matter. The review included studies using versions of the HEXACO Personality Inventory-Revised and work published in English, German, or Dutch. These comparisons cannot establish a universal ranking or tell a person what they will do or experience. Applying an average to an individual without context would make the conclusion more certain than the evidence allows.

This outcome-specific result complements the broader case in “Empirical, theoretical, and practical advantages of the HEXACO model of personality structure.” That review describes HEXACO as a viable alternative to the Big Five and argues that it can organize some phenomena less well accommodated within the five-factor framework. This supports considering its additional distinctions, including Honesty-Humility. It does not establish that HEXACO is superior for every purpose. The health meta-analysis qualifies that case: the extra domain’s contribution varies by criterion.

For everyday self-understanding, ask “Useful for explaining which behavior, in which setting, and according to which measure?” If the question concerns a recurring pattern around fairness or advantage-taking, HEXACO gives that topic a more visible place. For another outcome, the extra domain may add little, or a Big Five account may be more informative. These are choices about which distinctions to examine, not verdicts about character. Evidence supports comparing frameworks by the behavior and outcome at issue, while keeping any interpretation of an individual provisional.

Sources: Who is healthier? A meta-analysis of the relations between the HEXACO personality domains and health outcomes; Empirical, theoretical, and practical advantages of the HEXACO model of personality structure

How would the difference look in an everyday example?

Consider an illustrative workplace moment: after a shared task, a person is publicly praised for the result, although several colleagues contributed. They could name the others’ work, accept the praise without correction, or redirect attention to their own role. Each is observable; none alone tells us why it happened. Several motives could fit: concern for fair credit, desire for recognition, conflict avoidance, anger at the omission, or worry about speaking up. Neither framework identifies motives from one scene. A useful record separates the words spoken, the credit actually given, the audience present, and the person’s later explanation; interpretation comes after those observations. The HEXACO Personality Inventory - Revised Scale Descriptions make Honesty-Humility a plausible lens when the question is how someone handles advantage. Its facets include Fairness, Sincerity, Greed Avoidance, and Modesty. Here, ask whether they correct an account that benefits them even when unnoticed, and whether status or special recognition strongly attracts them, rather than judging whether they seem “good.” Repeated correction in low-oversight situations would support that hypothesis. A single gracious comment in a meeting would not establish a stable tendency. Other parts of the same exchange point elsewhere. HEXACO Agreeableness includes patience, forgiveness, flexibility, and gentleness, which can frame whether they stay calm, compromise, or hold a grievance when challenged. HEXACO Emotionality includes anxiety and dependence as well as fearfulness and sentimentality. Wanting support or fearing a challenge to someone influential raises a different question from unfair advantage. “Using the Big Five Aspect Scales to Translate Between the HEXACO and Big Five Personality Models” distinguishes Big Five Agreeableness aspects of Compassion and Politeness, and Neuroticism aspects of Volatility and Withdrawal. Those distinctions can prompt questions about concern for colleagues, compliance, irritability, or anxious retreat, but mappings are not one-to-one. Context may explain the behavior better than either trait label. The credit may determine who receives a promotion, the person may have been asked to summarize only their own contribution, or the meeting may be unusually hierarchical. That changes what silence or self-promotion means. That translation study, a meta-analysis of four samples from three countries totaling 1,586 people, found substantial but uneven correspondence between HEXACO domains and Big Five aspects; some aspects aligned more closely with HEXACO facets than whole domains. It supports careful translation between measures, not a verdict about an individual. A practical check is to note what was at stake, what the person actually did, and what happened in a different setting. Did they share credit when it cost them recognition? Did they stay quiet only with a powerful audience? Did anger appear when the omission was repeated, or did worry lead them to seek advice first? Observations across people, incentives, and oversight can narrow interpretation. If the pattern changes when status pressure changes, that is useful evidence about context. If it persists across those conditions, a trait hypothesis becomes more plausible, still provisional. Use the models as competing prompts for reflection, not labels for a colleague.

Sources: HEXACO-PI-R Scale Descriptions; Using the Big Five Aspect Scales to translate between the HEXACO and Big Five personality models; The discriminant validity of honesty-humility: A meta-analysis of the HEXACO, Big Five, and Dark Triad

Which model fits the question you are asking?

For broad orientation, the Big Five is a useful starting vocabulary. Three domains correspond relatively closely to HEXACO’s Extraversion, Conscientiousness, and Openness, so they can help organize questions about social engagement, planning, or interest in unfamiliar ideas. This is a practical entry point; inventory content still varies. Bring HEXACO into the comparison when the behavior concerns advantage, sincerity, fairness, modesty, or status. The official HEXACO-PI-R scale descriptions define Honesty-Humility through Sincerity, Fairness, Greed Avoidance, and Modesty. Those facets make it useful to ask whether someone is candid when self-interest is involved, applies rules fairly when oversight is low, or expects special status. They describe tendencies, not proof of honesty in every act or moral worth. Ask a narrower question: across situations where nobody is checking, does the person repeatedly take more than their share, or try to apply the same rule to everyone? Use facet descriptions when the question concerns emotional reactions. Hesitation before a difficult conversation might reflect worry, a wish for support, or concern about consequences; anger after a slight is a different response. HEXACO-PI-R Emotionality includes Fearfulness, Anxiety, Dependence, and Sentimentality, while its Agreeableness is framed against Anger and includes patience and forgiveness. Big Five facet coverage also depends on the inventory. Ask which response needs explaining: worry, anger, need for reassurance, or difficulty letting an offense go? Before concluding that Honesty-Humility is absent from the Big Five, check the measure’s detail. “The discriminant validity of honesty-humility: A meta-analysis of the HEXACO, Big Five, and Dark Triad” pooled almost 400 studies. It reported modest overlap between Honesty-Humility and other dimensions, with relationships often varying by measure and facet. The paper notes that some detailed Big Five inventories include modesty and straightforwardness facets related to Honesty-Humility. This is an important qualification: a facet-rich measure may capture some related content without a separately named sixth domain. The finding does not make Honesty-Humility equivalent to Agreeableness; it shows why item and facet coverage matters. A practical rule follows. Start with the Big Five for broad language about a recurring pattern when no narrower distinction is central. Consult HEXACO when the question concerns fairness, sincerity, status seeking, or modesty, or when you need to distinguish anger from fear, worry, attachment, or support seeking. Compare facet definitions in the actual inventories instead of translating labels by name. Then consider alternatives in context. Reluctance to claim credit, for instance, could reflect modesty, conflict avoidance, uncertainty about one’s contribution, or a workplace practice of assigning credit collectively. Whichever lens you use, look for repetition across different circumstances. Note what was at stake, what the person did, and whether the response changed with the audience, incentive, or power relationship. A shift across settings may identify a relevant condition; a repeated response may support a trait interpretation, while remaining open to revision. Choose the map that best describes the behavior. When a distinction remains unclear, return to the observed action and ask what evidence would separate the competing explanations. A different label alone cannot resolve that question; repeated behavior under changed incentives may.

Sources: HEXACO-PI-R Scale Descriptions; The discriminant validity of honesty-humility: A meta-analysis of the HEXACO, Big Five, and Dark Triad; Using the Big Five Aspect Scales to translate between the HEXACO and Big Five personality models

A careful conclusion and one next step

The practical difference between the Big Five and HEXACO is emphasis, not a verdict about who someone is. HEXACO gives Honesty-Humility its own place. The HEXACO-PI-R scale descriptions define it through Sincerity, Fairness, Greed Avoidance, and Modesty. Big Five inventories may capture related material through their facets, so labels alone cannot tell you whether descriptions conflict. The Big Five aspect-scale comparison by Ludeke and colleagues shows that correspondences vary across measures. Check facet coverage before treating a difference as meaningful. To explore a pattern, note a few situations. Record what was at stake, who was present, what the person did, and what followed. When shared work is discussed, did someone correct an unfair credit split? Did they stay quiet around a senior colleague, then raise the issue privately? The first action may prompt a question about fairness or advantage; the second also leaves room for status or conflict concerns. These are competing interpretations, not evidence of a fixed trait. Ask whether choices recur with different people and incentives. A pattern that changes with risk may need a different explanation from one that recurs across settings. Neither model identifies the cause of one action. Both summarize tendencies, and usefulness depends on the behavior and measure. For broader explanations of traits and everyday meanings, explore the Personality Profile library. If seeing how several tendencies sit together would help, the private Context Profile is an optional reflection aid, not a validated conclusion about you. Choose the model that helps you ask a clearer question, then check it against what repeats.

Sources: HEXACO-PI-R Scale Descriptions; Using the Big Five Aspect Scales to translate between the HEXACO and Big Five personality models

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